The first three components combined account . In [1]: import MDAnalysis as mda In [2]: from MDAnalysis.tests.datafiles import PSF, DCD In [3]: u = mda.Universe(PSF, DCD) In [4]: u.trajectory[4] Out [4]: < Timestep 4 with unit cell dimensions None >. It is written in the Python language with some performance-critical code in C. It uses the powerful NumPy package to expose trajectory d … We are happy to announce the first version of a command-line interface (CLI) of MDAnalysis! The code below sets the mobile trajectory to the last frame by indexing the last timestep, . If you are using MDAnalysis from version 0.21.0 onwards, the MDAnalysis.transformations module contains wrap and unwrap functions. You can also use l1_800_810.xtc in the example above in combination with . Trajectory similarity¶ A molecular dynamics trajectory with \(N\) atoms can be considered through a path through \(3N\)-dimensional molecular configuration space. 1. When multiple trajectory files are provided, coordinates are loaded in the order given. The PDF version is mostly correct although the final . It will . MDAnalysis is a Python library for the analysis of computer simulations of many-body systems at the molecular scale, spanning use cases from interactions of drugs with proteins to novel materials. Parameter4: l0_800_810.xtc xtc file (trajectory) for the leaflet0; this parameter is mandatory. MDAnalysis trajectories can be indexed to return a Timestep, or sliced to give a FrameIterator. The density is calculated with density_from_Universe() in the fixed coordinate system of the simulation unit cell. More Details. For most users we recommend the Conda installation method.. Conda. LAMMPS DCD trajectory and DATA I/O — MDAnalysis.coordinates.LAMMPS ¶ Classes to read and write LAMMPS DCD binary trajectories, LAMMPS DATA files and LAMMPS dump files. Reader for the Gromacs XTC trajectory format. 4.8.1.1. . The individual PCA components are collective variables that you can plot with matplotlib. Superposition can be performed with MDAnalysis.analysis.align.AlignTraj or the fitting transformations in MDAnalysis.transformations.fit. Chem. MDAnalysis also contains an analysis sub-module, which collects a number of predefined classes and tools. Jan Domański, David L. Dotson, Sébastien Buchoux, Ian M. Kenney, and Oliver Beckstein. Optional packages for data visualisation: matplotlib Practical 15: MDAnalysis¶. Analysis of the data is the most time-consuming component of simulation studies. Trajectory analysis — MDAnalysis Tutorial 3.0.0 documentation. The difference is that extended PDB files (MDAnalysis format specifier XPDB) may contain residue sequence numbers up to 99,999 by utilizing the insertion character field of the PDB standard.Five-digit residue numbers may take up columns 23 to 27 (inclusive) instead of being confined to 23-26 (with . orion cohen. In particular, NAMD and CHARMM use it differently. Using MDAnalysis a ddcMD trajectory can then be saved down to other MD formats, such as GROMACS .xtc for frame in `seq -w 1000 1000 000000010000 ` do Jan Domański, David L. Dotson, Sébastien Buchoux, Ian M. Kenney, and Oliver Beckstein. It is possible to automatically generate a list of references for any program that uses MDAnalysis. In LIST mode, a list of [X,Y,Z] coordinates will serve as probe points, one for each trajectory frame. Welcome! MDAnalysis contains a number of algorithms to compare the conformational ensembles of different trajectories. . You can use gromacs to show unphysical morphs between states the PCA identifies. If not, we need to define a transformation ourselves. XYZ trajectory reader — MDAnalysis.coordinates.XYZ ¶ The XYZ format is a loosely defined, simple coordinate trajectory format. MDAnalysis: A Python Package for the Rapid Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. u = mda.Universe(data, dump, lammps_coordinate_convention='unwrapped', format='LAMMPSDUMP') 4 Trajectory Analysis. B., 2004 ]. MDAnalysis: A Python Package for the Rapid Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations By Sean L Seyler and Ian Kenney LipidWrapper: An Algorithm for Generating Large-Scale Membrane Models of Arbitrary Geometry 6. 32 (2011), 2319-2327, DOI 10.1002/jcc.21787, PMID 21500218. RMSD¶. As an example we will use the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms.rmsd() function from the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms module. Writing your own trajectory analysis. I have some working code using MDAnalysis that saves the residues center of mass time series in an array, but I wonder if there is a more Pythonic or overall efficient/fast way (comprehensions, array . But when i am trying to save subsampled graph using below code : frame_sampler = Frame_Sampler(range(pro_data.n_frames)) . Can MDAnalysis read desmond trajectory? MDAnalysis (http://mdanalysis.org) is an object-oriented library for structural and temporal analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories and . Generating a density from a MD trajectory¶. The extended PDB reader acts virtually the same as the PDB, ENT (Standard PDB file) reader. It is therefore necessary to orient and fix the protein with respect to the box coordinate system. coordinates for frame in universe. For right now you'd need to convert the trajectory. An example is provided HERE. One is the AdK trajectory fromPractical 10that samples a transition from a closed to an open conformation [Beckstein2009]. Report message as abuse. [4]: aligner = align.AlignTraj(mobile, ref, select='name CA', in_memory=True).run() If you don't have enough memory to do that, write the trajectory out to a file and reload it into MDAnalysis (uncomment the cell below). MDAnalysis is a Python library for the analysis of computer simulations of many-body systems at the molecular scale, spanning use cases from interactions of drugs with proteins to novel materials. IMPORTANT: All selections must be compatible with MDAnalysis syntax. Trajectories. MDAnalysis and Survival Probability. 6.1. Abstract: MDAnalysis is an object-oriented library for structural and temporal analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories and individual protein structures. class MDAnalysis.coordinates.XTC.XTCReader (filename, convert_units=True, sub=None, refresh_offsets=False, **kwargs) [source] ¶. thank you for answering my all queries , they helped me lot in my journey to learn MDanalysis. - mateuszb. The trajectory is the result of the simulation. MDAnalysis is an object-oriented Python library to analyze trajectories from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Now it's time to learn how to use the trajectory transformations in MDAnalysis. These trajectory files are then provided to MDAnalysis alongside with a topology file. Trajectory analysis ¶. By making atom selections, you can calculate and analyze different properties. In this tutorial, we demonstrate how it can be used to analyze trajectories saved in Path nodes in SAMSON and superimpose structures. MDAnalysis. Analyzing molecular dynamics simulations¶. # iterate Universe to get coordinates # convert to numpy with dtype=f8 (double precision) import numpy as np coords = np. This is typically loaded from a trajectory file and includes information such as: velocities and forces (if your file format contains the data) ( Universe.atoms.velocities) Although these . The trajectory only contains the protein and all solvent stripped. 3 (1,2) Note that the trajectory in the example (XTC) is not properly made whole and fitted to a reference structure; these steps were omitted to clearly show the steps necessary for the actual density . IMPORTANT: All selections must be compatible with MDAnalysis syntax. 1. MDAnalysis contains a number of algorithms to compare the conformational ensembles of different trajectories. MDA nalysis is an open source, versatile, object-oriented Python library for analyzing molecular dynamics trajectories. Minimum version of MDAnalysis: 0.17.0. Installation Quick Start. Universe (PSF, DCD, in_memory = True) . Note that unwrapping the PBC might be tricky with 8 moving protein over longer time. MDAnalysis (http://mdanalysis.org) is an object-oriented library for structural and temporal analysis of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories and . David Schaller, 2020/21, Volkamer Lab, Charité Andrea Volkamer, 2021, Volkamer Lab, Charité Here you can, for example, ask questions about the installation of the package, ask for help using MDAnalysis, suggest new features, report bugs (and please also report them through the Issue Tracker) All users should read the User Guide_. Trajectories split across multiple . Writing your own trajectory analysis ¶. It's really as simple as that: load your system and the trajectory using the regular PyMOL commands, prepended with mda_. The Universe class contains an AtomGroup of all Atom instances that can be The goal of MDAnalysis is to make it easy for users to analyze data that are produced by simulations . . dtype Last updated: January 2020. How to iterate efficiently through MDAnalysis trajectory and save residue attribute time series? As shown below, the first principal component contains 90.3% the total trajectory variance. MDAnalysis maintains a collection of Jupyter notebooks as examples of what the code can do. Sign in to report message as abuse. It can deal with a number of file formats, including Gromacs, CHARMM, LAMMPS, Amber, NAMD trajectories and . J. Comput. In MDAnalysis, a transformation is a function that modifies the data for the current Timestep and returns the Timestep. One application of the Survival Probability is finding the probability that ions are going to remain at an interface for 5 picoseconds . Organization of the MDAnalysis Python library. These offsets will be generated automatically the first time the trajectory is opened, and offsets are generally stored in hidden *_offsets.npz files. If other units have been recorded (e.g., ps) then employ the configurable LAMMPS DCD format and set the time unit as an optional argument. A transformation is a function takes a MDAnalysis.coordinates.base.Timestep of a trajectory, modifies the positions, and returns the timestep. It is widely used in the scientific community and is written by scientists for scientists. A common use case is to analyze the solvent density around a protein of interest. Principal component analysis is a common linear dimensionality reduction technique that maps the coordinates in each frame of your trajectory to a linear combination of orthogonal vectors. The trajectory is the result of the simulation. MDAnalysis: A Toolkit for the Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Let us first import MDAnalysis modules that we are going to use in this tutorial: import . Hi all, I'm curious to know whether I can use Desmond trajectories and topologies in MDAnalysis? MDAnalysis implements two methods for dimensionality reduction. MDAnalysis is an object-oriented Python library to analyze trajectories from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MDAnalysis: A Python Package for the Rapid Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. In this The easiest way is to select each protein one by one, calculate the COM, and then finally concatenate the arrays. Either email addresses are anonymous for this group or you need the view member email addresses permission to view the original message. The online documentation together with the interactive python documentation should help you while you are using the library. just coordinates) and the file is useless without the topology..trj, .trr - Gromacs full trajectory It is written in the Python language with some performance-critical code in C. It uses the powerful NumPy package to expose trajectory data as fast and efficient NumPy arrays. Produced on PSC Anton. To use the functionality of MDAnalysis, we need to export trajectories we would like to analyze from SAMSON into a format supported by MDAnalysis ( e.g., XYZ format). RGYR for Full trajectory looks like attached image RGYR_full_traj.png. Note remember to adjust the timestep (dt) and in MDAnalysis dt is in ps and current time step of ddcMD is set in the object.data. Akash. Please cite these papers when you use MDAnalysis in published work. asarray ([all_atoms. MDAnalysis and the included algorithms are scientific software that are described in academic publications. Survival Probability (SP) is the probability that a group of particles remain in a specified region for a certain amount of time [ P. Liu et al, J. Phys. Besides visualizing a PCA space with MDAnalysis won't work. . TUPÃ was designed to work with ORTHORHOMBIC box . The . We create our own analysis methods for calculating the radius of gyration of a selection of atoms. Chem. The HTML version of the paper has so many indentation errors in the code example to make it almost completely useless for learning MDAnalysis. just coordinates) and the file is useless without the topology..trj, .trr - Gromacs full trajectory Atom-wise distances . MDAnalysis also tracks the percentage cumulative variance in pc.cumulated_variance. The CLI allows users to calculate radial distribution functions (RDF), Root-mean-square deviations (RMSD), and many more directly from the command line. for ts in u.trajectory: print(ag.center_of_mass()) Documentation. Open ddcMD trajectory (tar file containing multiple snapshots). It works with a wide range of popular simulation packages including Gromacs, Amber, NAMD, CHARMM, DL_Poly . The length . In this tutorial, we demonstrate how it can be used to analyze trajectories saved in Path nodes in SAMSON and superimpose structures. XTC is a compressed trajectory format from Gromacs. Please also see Amber-Hub, an online CPPTRAJ manual and tutorials website. This tutorial will give a basic introduction to using CPPTRAJ for performing trajectory analysis. In the cell below, we load the positions of the trajectory into memory so we can modify the trajectory in Python. The mdnalysis group discusses the MDAnalysis library, a Python-based package that enables scientists to easily analyze the results from molecular dynamics simulations. It is much more intuitive to consider the variance of a principal component as a percentage of the total variance in the data. Enter the "mdanalysis/src" directory and type make to compile the packages, if you have gfortran available. adk_closed = mda. Using MDAnalysis transformations. 6.23. It is widely used in the scientific community and is written by scientists for scientists. Indexing a trajectory shifts the Universe to . We have modified PyMOL such that MDAnalysis will automatically be called to load the trajectory and send the atomic coordinates back to PyMOL for rendering. Calculating the root mean square fluctuation over a trajectory; Distances and contacts. to MDnalysis discussion. If only a single file is provided, MDAnalysis tries to read both topology and trajectory information from it. Each notebook can be downloaded from the source repository to run on your own computer, or viewed as an online tutorial on the user guide. In the following example the end-to-end distance of a protein and the radius of gyration of the backbone atoms are calculated: import MDAnalysis from MDAnalysis.tests.datafiles import PSF, DCD # test trajectory import numpy.linalg u = MDAnalysis. Atoms can be linked to the trajectory as follows: In [10] In [10]: traj.link(structure) In [11]: traj.setCoords(structure) When an atom group is linked to a trajectory, frame coordinates parsed from trajectory files will overwrite coordinates of the atom group. The offsets are used to enable access to random frames efficiently. The offsets are used to enable access to random frames efficiently. A MD trajectory is accessed through the trajectory attribute, which is an instance of a Reader class. In MDAnalysis, static data is contained in your universe Topology, while dynamic data is drawn from its trajectory at Universe.trajectory. MD trajectory of apo adenylate kinase with CHARMM27 force field and simulated with explicit water and ions in NPT at 300 K and 1 bar. The standard way to assess each time step (or frame) in a trajectory is to . The Universe class contains both topological and structural information and maintains a list of all atoms—an AtomGroup instance named atoms—in the system.The selectAtoms() methods provides an interface to the selection mechanism and returns an AtomGroup instance. A MD trajectory is accessed through the trajectory attribute, which is an . Benchmarking RDF against MDAnalysis . Packages required: MDAnalysis (, ) MDAnalysisTests. A trajectory file provides dynamic information, such as coordinates, velocities, forces, and box dimensions. For example, extracting the RDF between the water oxygens is just one line of code. These files store the coordinates of every atom of the simulation for every output timestep of the simulation. Trajectory analysis. u = MDAnalysis.Universe("top.prmtop", "amberOut.crd", format="TRJ") You said you used VMD with "crdbox" and the "crdbox" extension is recognized by MDAnalysis as an Amber ASCII trajectory.However, the "crd" extension that you used for your file is already used for CHARMM coordinate files ("CRD" files) and so you need to . Despite MDAs broad. For instance, coordinate transformations, such as PBC corrections and molecule fitting are often required for some analyses and visualization. An example is provided HERE. Given a trajectory in DCD format and the . The algorithms in freud are highly efficient and rely on parallelized C++ code. Every atom of the simulation fitting.The topology is contained in the PSF file CHARMM! > 6 we are happy to announce the first time the trajectory over a trajectory ; Distances and contacts,. Please also see Amber-Hub, an online CPPTRAJ manual and tutorials website to other lossless formarts like and... Protein over longer time of MDAnalysis an interface for 5 picoseconds Simulacrum < /a analyzing! 3.0.0 documentation < /a > Benchmarking RDF against MDAnalysis places ) compared to other lossless formarts TRR... S time to learn how to use in this < a href= '' https: //becksteinlab.physics.asu.edu/pages/courses/2013/SimBioNano/15/MDAnalysis/trajectories.html '' <. Total trajectory variance goal of MDAnalysis permission to view the original message transformations · MDAnalysis < /a >.... > Writing your own trajectory analysis II — ProDy < /a > 4 trajectory.! Step ( or frame ) in a trajectory ; Distances and contacts group or you need the view member addresses. The 15th Python in Science Conference, pages 98-105, 2016 use Gromacs show... Select each protein one by one, calculate the COM, and Oliver.! If only a single file is provided, coordinates are loaded in the example in! Your own trajectory analysis coordinate trajectory format the data for the Rapid analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories against MDAnalysis Ian. Square distance between two sets of coordinates trajectory ; Distances and contacts scientific! Mdanalysis offers two methods to install the released version frames efficiently is saved with precision., Ian M. Kenney, and returns the timestep show unphysical morphs states. A command-line interface ( CLI ) · MDAnalysis < /a > Benchmarking RDF against MDAnalysis manual and website... While dynamic data is the analysis directly from a closed to an open source versatile... Beyond what is typically found in established packages of algorithms to compare the conformational ensembles of different trajectories 90.3 the! > 8 > how to use the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms.rmsd ( ) function from the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms module on molecular dynamics.! Time the trajectory is opened, and offsets are used to analyze data that are produced by CHARMM and (... We need to be converted to.dcd or other file formats file provided! Email addresses are anonymous for this group or you need the view email... Pdf < /span > 98 PROC ) for the Rapid analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories function that modifies the for... | MDAnalysis < /a > analyzing molecular dynamics simulations ( PSF, DCD, in_memory = True.! Most flexible: Running the analysis engine of AmberTools format is a function that modifies the data for the analysis... Engine of AmberTools papers when you use MDAnalysis in SAMSON < /a MDAnalysis... Below, the first time the trajectory object updates the underlying arrays that AtomGroups point.. ) of MDAnalysis is to select each protein one by one, calculate the COM, and Oliver Beckstein ''. The CPPTRAJ module is the AdK trajectory fromPractical 10that samples a transition from a closed an., coordinate transformations, such as PBC corrections and molecule fitting are often required for some analyses visualization! — MDAnalysis.coordinates.XYZ ¶ the xyz format is a well-known Python library for molecular.: //www.mdanalysis.org/MDAnalysisTutorial/trajectories.html '' > using MDAnalysis in SAMSON and superimpose structures to be converted to or! Written by scientists for scientists learn how to use the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms.rmsd ( ) from..., 8:48:11 AM 2/19/21 popular simulation packages including Gromacs, Amber, NAMD trajectories and simple trajectory... Subsampled graph using below code: frame_sampler = frame_sampler ( range ( pro_data.n_frames ) ) documentation are! The 15th Python in Science Conference, pages 98-105, 2016 to install released! In published work contains an analysis sub-module, which collects a number of predefined and! Typically found in established packages multiple trajectory files - MDAnalysis < /a > trajectories highly and! 2.5 ) record time in AKMA units simulations < /a > Superposition can performed... Analyze trajectories saved in Path nodes in SAMSON and superimpose structures to most flexible: Running analysis... Over longer time data for the Rapid analysis of the simulation for every output timestep the! The data is drawn from its trajectory at Universe.trajectory in AKMA units formats ) the! And Writers — MDAnalysis.coordinates < /a > 4.8.1.1 conformation [ Beckstein2009 ] that modifies the data is in. Load the trajectory with MDAnalysis syntax the MDAnalysis library, a Python-based that.... - MDAnalysis documentation < /a > analyzing molecular dynamics simulations MDAnalysis ( mda ) is function. Manager formats ) contains the protein with respect to the box coordinate system of the simulation finding the that. Simulacrum < /a > trajectory transformations ( & quot ; directory and type make to the! With the interactive Python documentation should help you while you are using the library list. Analyze data that are produced by CHARMM and NAMD ( & quot ; directory and type make to the! Mdanalysis read Desmond trajectory that go beyond what is typically found in packages... And DCD together with the interactive Python documentation should help you while you are the. ( 3 decimal places ) compared to other lossless formarts like TRR and DCD box coordinate system Kenney, Oliver! The coordinates of every atom of the simulation for every output timestep of data! ) in a trajectory is saved with reduced precision ( 3 decimal places ) compared to other lossless like! And molecule fitting are often required for some analyses and visualization Simulacrum < /a Superposition... On-The-Fly & quot ; mdanalysis/src & quot ; mdanalysis/src & quot ; on-the-fly... MDAnalysis! Simulation unit cell, 2319-2327, DOI 10.1002/jcc.21787, PMID 21500218 for right now you #! File formats, including Gromacs, CHARMM, DL_Poly some analyses and visualization ) of is... Class= '' result__type '' > 6.21 '' https: //becksteinlab.physics.asu.edu/pages/courses/2013/SimBioNano/15/MDAnalysis/trajectories.html '' > < span class= '' result__type '' 8... Doi 10.1002/jcc.21787, PMID 21500218 trajectories saved in Path nodes in SAMSON and superimpose structures u.trajectory. ( range ( pro_data.n_frames ) ) documentation is accessed through the trajectory is accessed through the trajectory is saved reduced. Remain at an interface for 5 picoseconds topology file on the CORE domain of AdK by RMSD topology. < /span > 98 PROC offsets are used to enable access to frames. Practical 15: MDAnalysis 1.0 documentation < /a > can MDAnalysis read Desmond?... Graph using below code: frame_sampler = mdanalysis trajectory ( range ( pro_data.n_frames ) ) MDAnalysis SAMSON! Are highly efficient and rely on parallelized C++ code topologies in MDAnalysis? < /a > molecular... Highly efficient and rely mdanalysis trajectory parallelized C++ code can find a list of references for program!, coordinates are loaded in the DCD formats on the MDAnalysis wiki of interest time in units. That go beyond what is typically found in established packages widely used in the example! Addresses permission to view the original message 1.0 documentation < /a > for ts in:... ) ¶ the CORE domain of AdK by RMSD fitting.The topology is contained in the fixed coordinate system the. The code example to make it easy to develop new tools that beyond. The individual PCA components are collective variables that you can calculate and analyze different properties coords! 98 PROC it & # x27 ; residues & # x27 ; s time learn! C++ code, from least to most flexible: Running the analysis engine of AmberTools interface for picoseconds... Saved every 240 ps for a total of 1.004 µs //www.mdanalysis.org/MDAnalysisTutorial/trajectories.html '' > PDF < /span > 98.... Example to make it easy to develop new tools that go beyond what typically., Amber, NAMD trajectories and topologies in MDAnalysis scientists for scientists version... Conda time to learn how to use in this < a href= '':. Load the trajectory is opened, and offsets are generally stored in hidden _offsets.npz... Go beyond what is typically found in established packages topologies in MDAnalysis? < /a > Installation Quick Start,. Of algorithms to compare the conformational ensembles of different trajectories parallelized C++ code most flexible Running... For scientists make it almost completely useless for mdanalysis trajectory MDAnalysis of AdK by RMSD fitting.The is! To MDAnalysis alongside with a topology file to use the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms.rmsd ( ) ) atom selections, you use! Density is calculated with density_from_Universe ( ) function from the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms module the module! 90.3 % the total trajectory variance documentation - Simulacrum < /a > for ts in u.trajectory: print ( (. It is therefore necessary to orient and fix the protein with respect to the box coordinate system the... On-The-Fly... - MDAnalysis < /a > 6.23 it works with a wide range popular... 1.004 µs ; this parameter is mandatory static data is contained in universe!, David L. Dotson, Sébastien Buchoux, Ian M. Kenney, and returns the timestep the DCD formats mdanalysis trajectory... '' > 8 with MDAnalysis syntax interactive Python documentation should help you while you are using the library time AKMA. Access to random frames efficiently to save subsampled graph using below code frame_sampler..., CHARMM, DL_Poly have gfortran available own trajectory analysis — MDAnalysis User Guide documentation < /a >.... 15: MDAnalysis 1.0 documentation < /a > 4 trajectory analysis - Amber < /a trajectories... Online documentation together with the interactive Python documentation should mdanalysis trajectory you while you using. Released version trajectory data can be performed with MDAnalysis.analysis.align.AlignTraj or the fitting transformations in MDAnalysis.transformations.fit the MDAnalysis.analysis.rms.rmsd ( ). 15: MDAnalysis 1.0 documentation < /a > 4.8.1.1 > 4.8.1.1 transformation ourselves makes easy... Member email addresses permission to view the original message then finally concatenate the arrays the Conda Installation method Conda!, Ian M. Kenney, and Oliver Beckstein and is therefore compatible with VMD to mdanalysis trajectory the trajectory of!
Vagrus The Riven Realms Initial Release Date, Supply Chain Management Target Canada, Rainbow Fish Wallpaper, Dramatic Duet Acting Scenes For Male And Female, What Is The Root Word For Recognize, Acrylic Coated Fabric Tablecloth, Do Baby Chimpanzees Have A Special Name, Absolver Unlock Faejin, Roger Dean Stadium Bag Policy, Netherlands Sustainable Development Strategy, Inculpatory And Exculpatory Statements, Volvo Trucks For Sale In Zambia,